VNITED STATES UNITED STATES t'.
V.
BERRY.
'/79
BERRY anii others.
(Di8trict (JOU'I't, D. OolO'l'ado. November 8,1880.) 1. U. 8. COMMISSIONER--'-WRIT OF, PROHIBITION.-A United States commissioner, when acting as an examining magistrate, is a mere officer of the court,as to whom the writ of prohibition is never employed. 2. SAME-CONTROL OF THE CoURT.-Such commissioner, however, Is llUbject to the control of the court when acting as an examining magistrate, and the court can assume control of the proceedings whenever justice may require that it should be done.
3. UTE TREATY-CoLORADo-ENABLING ACT-18 ST. 474.-The treaty between the United States and the several bands of Ute Indians, proclaimed March 2, 1868, is not repealed by the provisions of the entitled" An act to enable the people of Colorado to form a constitution and state government," etc., approved lIarch S, 1875, (18 ST. 474.) 4. UTE RESERVATION-FEDERAL JURISDICTION.-Held, therefore, that the Ute reservation still remains within the sole and exclusive juris_ diction of the United States.
W. Wright, Att'y Gen., for the State. E. L. Johnson, U.S. Dist. Att'y, for the government. B. M. Hltghes, S. E. Browne, T. M. Patterson, and T. Macon, for defendants. HALLETT, D. J. Three persons charged with homicide committed on an Indian reservation are held by the marshal, under & warrant issued by a circuit court commissioner, to answer for that crime. It seems that the commissioner assumes jurisdiction to· act in the premises on the ground that the place of the alleged crime is within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. Denying that proposition, and affirming that the place where the crime is said to have been committed is within the criminal jurisdiction of the state, the attorney general of the state suggests to the court that the proceedings of the commissioner are without authority, and he prays that prohibition may issue to arrest them, in order that the state may proceed against the offenders. In support of the application, it is assumed that in making inquiry as to -the violations of the laws of the United States a commissioner may be regarded as holding an iIife.
o.
7S0
FEDEnAL nEPORTER.
rial' court, over which this court, having cognizance of the crimes themselves, may have supervisory jurisdiction. But this appears to be founded on an erroneous view of the relations of those officers to this 'court; for it is plain that commissioners are but officers· of the court, to whom are committed some of the duties which must otherwise be 'performed by the court itself, or the judge thereof. The exigencies of the public service demand that speedy inquiry shall be made into all criminal charges, in order that offenders may be brought to justice j and as, from the press of business or remoteness from the place where the crime may be committed, or other cause, the court cannot always, or ordinarily, perform that service, commissioners are appointed to facilitate the busmess.. In all that they are not separate and independent tribunals, but the arms of the court to execute the preliminary work of securing the presence of offenders/l.t the time appointed for arraignment and trial. Indeed, they are not, and under the constitution they cannot be, clothed with judi. cial power to hear and ;!lUY matter what.only to the detention of the soever. Their duties aQcused until the charge against him may be formally pre. the court, and constitutionally tried. In that they I,tre not bound to hear more than the evidence of the goveTll· ment, .and they do not finally determine any question touch. ingthe guilt or innocence of the accused. Accordingly, it is fiaid in the books that the function of an examining magisstrate is ministerial and not judicial" (l Bishop's Crim. Pro. § 237;) and upon this consideration alone the writ of prohibition to control the conduct of a. commissioner must be denied. High's Remedies, § 769. But, in a. broader view of the nature and extent of his office, it will be apparent that a commissioner is an officer of the court merely, as to whom the writ of prohibition is never mployed. It does not, however, follow from this course of reasoning that the court has no control over the proceedings of a commissioner when acting as an examining magistrate. On the contrary, if in the discharge of such duty a commissioner is an officer of the court, it would seem to be proper
to
UNITED STA'lE8V. BERRY.
-7Sl
in the court to assume of the, proceedings whenever justice may require that 'it should be done. In· cases it is familiar practiee:for the judges of supeI'ior courts having cognizance of criminal offences to sit as examining magistrates; and, after comniitment; the proceedings of magistrates are often reviewed on habeas corpus and certiorari, in the court having cognizance of the crime. In that way the courts do but assume control in the preliminary stages of matters of which they have the final decision under the law, and no argument can be necessary to support them in a practice which· so clearly tends to further the ends of justice. I do not doubt the authority of the court to take charge of these proceedings, and;:as the attorney general of the state has come here to deny the jurisdiction of the federal government, that course will be adopted. The cbmmissioner will be directed to certify his proceeding's into' this court, to the end that we may consider here what may be alleged against them.
MCCRARY, C. J. It is alleged that on the twenty-seventh {lay of September, 1880, the crime of murder was committed within the district of country set apart by treaty of March 2, 1868, between the United States and several bands of the Ute tribe of Indians, (15 St. 619,) and W. H. Berry and S. N. Hoyt are accused of said crime. The United States claim jurisdiction of the offence on the ground that the mur· .der charged was committed in a place within their exclusive jurisdiction, and in accordance with that claim the accused have been arrested upon information filed before a. com. missioner of this court, before whom their cases have been
76.9
FEDRRA.L REPORTER.
partially examined, and in whose custody they remain, awaiting further proceedings. The state of Colorado also claims that it has exclusive jurisdiction of the offence charged, upon the ground that the murder was committed within the territorial limits of that state, and in a. vlace within its exclusive jurisdiction; and, by an information filed herein by the attorney general of the state, this court is requested to order tha,t the pending proceedings before said commissioner be discontinued, and that the prisoners be turned over to the authorities of the state for trial. The sole question for our consideration is, was the murder committed in a place within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States? for if it was not, the federal jurisdiction cannot be maintained. Section 5339 of the Revised Statutes of the United States provides that "every person who commits murder-First, within any fort, arsenal, dock.yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of country under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, - - - shall suffer death." Section 711 provides that "the jurisdiction vested in the courts of the UnitedStates"in the cases and proceedings hereinafter mentioned, shall be exclusive of the courts of the several states-First, of all crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States. · - · - · ." Section 2145, which is found under the title "Indians," provides as follows: "Except as to crimes, the punishment of which is expressly provided for in this title, the general laws of the United States as to the punishment of crimes committed in any place within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, except the District of Columbia, shall extend to the Indian country." The punishment of the crime of murder is nowhere expressly provided for in said tine, and it follows that where that crime is committed in the Indian country it is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. The question, what territory is included within the term "Indian country," as employed in section 2145 above quoted? is one not free from difficulty. The act entitled" An act to reguhte hade and intercourse with the Indian tribes,
UNITED STATES
t1, BERRY.
783
and to pl'eserve peace on the borders," approvedJ'une 3, 1834, (4 8't. at Large, 729,) provides that "all that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, ftnd not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas; also that part of the United States east of the Missis-, sippi river, and not within any state to which the Indian title has not been extinguished, for the purposes of this act, be taken and deemed to be the Indian country." The Ute reservation of Colorado is not within the territory here described. It was not at the time of the passage of that act a part of the United but was subsequently acquired from Mexico. It was originally embraced within the territorial limits of the territory of Utah. 9 St. 453. By section 7 of the act of congress of February 27, 1851, (9 St. 587,) it is provided "that all the laws now in force regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, or such provisions of the same as may be applicable, shall be, and the same are hereby, extended over the Indian tribes in' the territories of New Mexico and Whether the effect of this provision was to make New Mexico and Utah, including what is now the Ute reservation of Colorado, Indian country, is to my mind quite doubtful. It is, however, not necessary to decide that question, since it is perfectly olear that by virtue of the treaty-making power the United States had, prior to the organization and admission into the Union of the state of Colorado, brought the Ute reservation abo'venamedwithin their sole and exclusive jurisdiction, and no doubt whatever is entertained that the federal courts had, prior to the admission of said state of Colorado, complete jurisdiction to hear, try, and determine all cases of murder committed within the limits of reservation. The determina.tion of this case must turn upon the question whether the United States were ousted of their jurisdiction over the said reservation by the provisions of the act entitled"An act to enable the people of Colorado to form a oonstitution and state government," etc., approved March 3, 1875, (18 St. 474.) The decision of this question will require the consideration and construction of the said enabling act, in connection with
784
FEDERAL REPORTER.
the provisions of the treaty between the United States and the several bands of Ute Indians, proclaimed March 2,1868. The first section of the enabling act above cited provides "that the inhabitants of the territory of Colorado, included in the boundaries hereinafter designated, be and they are hereby authorized to form for themselves out of said territory a state government, with the name of the state of Colorado, which state, when formed! shall be admitted into the Union upon an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatsoever, as hereinafter provided." The treaty, which was in force prior to the passage of said enabling act, contains the following provisions: "Article 2. The United States agree that the following district of country, to-wit: Commencing at that point on the southern boundary line of the territory of Colorado where the meridian of longitude 107 degrees west from Greenwich crosses the same; running thence north with said meridian to a point 15 miles due north of where said meridian intersects the fortieth parallel of north latitude; thence due west to the western boundary line of said territory; thence south with said western boundary line of said territory to the southern boundary hne of said territory; thence east with said southern boundary line to the place of beginning,-shall be, and the same is hereby, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as, from time to time, they may be willing, with the consent of the United States, to admit among them. And the United States now solemnly agree that no persons, except those herein authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employes of the government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to passover, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article, except as herein otherwise provided. "Art. 6. If bad men among the whites or among other people, subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and for-
UNITED STATES V. BERRY.
':'85
warded to the commissioner of Indian affairs at Washington city, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States,'and alsC} re-imburse the injured person for the loss sustained. If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of anyone, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the tribes herein named solemnly agree that they will, on proof made to their agent and notice to him, deliver up the wrong-doer to the United States to be tried and punished according to its laws; and, in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be re-imbursed for his loss from the aillluities or other moneys due or to become due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. "Art. 7.· · · · The president may at any time order a. survey of the reservation, and, when BO surveyed, congress shall provide for protecting the rights of such Indian settlers in their improvements, and may fix: the character of the title held by each. "The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property, and on all subjects connected with the government of the Indians on said reservation, and the internal police thereof, aB may be thought proper. It According to a well-settled rule of construction, since there is no express repeal of any part of the treaty, that instrumeni and the statute should be construed together, and, as far as possible, the provisions of each should be allowed to stand. An express law conferring certain special rights and privileges is held never to be repealed by implication, unless the intent to effect such repeal be clear. State v. Branin, 3 Zab. 484; State v. Minton, Id. 529. And the doctrine is supported by numerous other authorities. We are assisted somewhat in the construction of the enabling act, in so far as it bears upon the question now before us, by reference to a subsequent act· of congress, entitled "An act to further the administration of justice in v.4,no.9-50
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FEDERAL REPORTER
the state of Colorado," approved June 26, 1876, (19 St. 61,) which provides, among other things, "that when the state of Colorado shall be admitted into the Union, according to the provisions of the act entitled ·An act to enable the people of Colorado to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of said state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states,' approved March 3, 1875, the laws of the United States, not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within the state as elsewhere within the United States." That the treaty above named was a law of the United States is well settled by numerous decisions of the supreme court. Harkness v. Hyde, 98 U. S.476; United States v.48 Gallons Whisky, etc., 93 U. S. 188; Worcester v. State of Georgia, 6 Pet. 515 i The Cherokee Tobacco Case, 11 Wall. 1316. It maybe added that congress has recognized the obligation of all treaties with the Indian tribes lawfully made and ratified prior to March 3, 1871. Rev. St. 2079. And by numerous legislative provisions, and by many acts of appropriation, congress has recognized all such treaties as having the force of law. See Rev. St. §§ 2080, 2081, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097,2099, 2100, 2101, 2116, 2118. If I am right in the conclusion that the treaty above named was one of the laws of the United States, which, by the terms of the act of congress of June 26, 1876, was to remain in force in said state of Colorado after its admission into the Union, then it ·follows that the Ute reservation remains within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States by virtue of said treaty. But, without resting upon this proposition, let us inquire whether the enabling act upon its face ought to be construed as repealing the treaty of March 2, 1868, and as, th.erefore, depriving the United States of the power of fulfilling the solemn obligations imposed upon them by said treaty. Among J he provisions of said treaty is one which declares that the United States "now solemnly agree that no persons, except i hose herein authorized so to do, and except such officers,
VNITED STATES 11. BERRY,
'T8T
agents, and employes of the government as may be liuthorized to enter upon said Indian in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to. pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article, except as herein otherwise provided. It Article 2. Another provision of the treaty declares that "if bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authorityof the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the Uuited States will, upon proof made to the agent, and forwarded to the commis;. sioner of Indian affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also re-imburse the injured person for the loss sustained. It Article 6. The same article further provides for the punishment, according to the laws of the United States, of any person among the Indians who shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of anyone, white, black, or Indians, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith. Another provision declares that congress shall provide for protecting the rights of India.n settlers in their improvements, and may :fix the character of the title held by each. And still another declares that the United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property, and on subjects connected with the government of the Indians on said reservation, and the internal police thereof, as may be thought proper. All these and many other provisions of the treaty necessarily require for their enforcement that the reservation shall remain under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. Indeed, to hold that the jurisdiction of the United States over said reservation is superseded by that of the state, would be to render nugatory neady every provision of the treaty. When we remember that the policy of keeping the Indian reservations within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government, until such time as the rights of the Indians therein are extinguished by treaty, has been uniformly pursued with
188
respect t6 all Indian reservations in the country, and iii expressed so plainly in the provisions of the treaty above named, it is impossible to suppose that it was' the intention of congress, by the organization of the state of Colorado, to annihilate the treaty, and to deprive the Indians of their right to protection under it. Where a district of country has been by competent authority set apart as an Indian reservation, and by treaty stipulation the United States have assumed exclusive jurisdiction over it, such district remains .an Indian reservation, and the federal jurisdiction over it continues until it is changed by acts of congress, or by treaty, or until. the Indian title is extinguished, and this notwithstanding it may be embraced within the limits of a state. Bates Y. Clark, 95 U. S. 204:. The treaty by its terms was to be permanent, and the rights conferred thereby were not to be taken away without the consent of the Indians. It may be conceded that it is within the power of congress to repeal it, but it is clear to my mind that such repeal can only be enacted in express ,terms, or by such language as imports a ,clear purpose on the part of congress to effect that end. To' hold the treaty abrogated by the subsequent legislation would be to assume that congress intended to depart in this instance altogether from the policy of treating the Indians as warps of the nation, of keeping them and the lands set apart fqr their use and occupation within the sole jurisdiction of the United States, and that it intended to turn this particular iribe, with its reservation, over to the jurisdiction and control of the state of Colorado, stripped of its treaty rights, and deprived of the powerful protectIOn of the national government. Such a purpose ought to have been very clearly expressed. If it be said that the state may have jurisdiction within the limits of the reservation for the purpose of enforcing its <criminal laws, without interfering with the rights of the In.dians under the treaty, the answer is that one of the obligations imposed upon the United States by the plain terms of the treaty is to enforce their own criminal laws against all <classes of offenders within the bounds of the reservation.
UNITED STA.TES' V.B:&ImY.
Furthermore, it is manifest that.if the enabling, &otrepeQ1& the treaty for one purpose, it repeals it for 1\11 purposes. If the state has jurisdiction over any part of the territory and people of the reservation, for the purpose of enfoI::oing its criminal laws, it has jurisdiction over the wboleof the terri· tory, and over all the people,: whether whites, blacks, or Indians. If the jurisdiction now claimed by the state be con· ceded; then it follows that the state may not only enforce such criminal laws as now exists on its statute books, as against all persons residing or found upon the reservation, but it may enact other laws, if it so wills, in direct conflict with the rights guarantied to the Indians;by treaty, as well as destructive of the policy of congress with ,respect to that people. This is precisely what the state of Georgia, attempted to .do in 1829 with respect to the reservation of the Cherokee na· tion, which was within the l1imits. of that state. But the supreme court of the United States held in, the case:of Worcester v. The State of Georgia, supra, ,that the ,state legislation was void because in conflict with a treaty'withthe Cherokee Indians, which was held to be the supreme law of the land. In that celebrated case Chief Justice Marshall said: "The constitution, by declaring treaties already made, as well as those to be made, to be the supreme law of the land, has adopted and sanctioned the previous treaties with the Indian nations; and consequently admits their raI\;k among those powers who are capable of making treaties. The worda ·treaty' and 'nation' are words of our own language, selected. ourselves, in our diplomatic and legislative proceedings, having each a definite and well-understood meaning. We have applied them to Indians. as we have applied them to the other nations of the earth. They are applied to all in the same sense." An examinlltion of the history of congressional legislation concerning Indian affairs, from the formation of the government down to the present time, will show a continuous and consistent policy of national supervision, care, and protection. Numerous reservations have been from time to time set apart
790
FEDERAL nEPORTER.
for their use, and so far as I know everyone of these has been kept within the jurisdiction of the United States, whether located in a territory or in a state, until such time as the Indian title has been extinguished or the tribe has forfeited or voluntarily given up its rights. No case is known to me in which a tribe of Indians, with its reservation, has been turned over, without its consent, to the jurisdiction of any state. I am unable to believe that congress has in this instancel with respect to a single tribe and Ii particular reservation, departed from this policy. 1'he case of 1'he Che1'Okee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616, presented, in the opinion ofa majority of the judges who took part in the decision, an example of clear and necessary repugnancy between an act of Congress and a pre-existing Indian treaty, and therefore one in which the latter repealed the former by necessary implication. The act of Congress by express terms extended the internal revenue laws imposing taxes on distilled . spirits, fermented liquors, tobacco, snu'ff, and cigars "to such articles produced anywhere within the exterior boundaries of the United States, whether the same be within a collection district or not." The previous treaty with the Cherokee Indians exempted from taxation "any merchandise or manufactured products" of the Cherokees, except such taxes as might "be levied by the United States on the quantity sold outside of the Indian territory." It would seem impossible to reconcile the conflict between the two. since the words "any place within the exterior boundaries of the United States," employed by congress in the statute, manifestly included the Indian territory. And yet the fact that Mr. Justice Bradley and Mr. Justice Davis dissented, serves to show the reluctance with which courts yield, even in clear cases, to the doctrine of repeals by implication. Assuming, however, the soundness of the opinion of the majority in that case, (as we are of course bound tel do,) let us consider whether it applies to the case now in hand. To make the two cases parallel it would be necessary to show that congress, in the Colorado enabling act, expreSSly de.
UNITED STA.TES V. BERRY.
191
elared that jurisdiction of the state of Colorado, for'the purpose of enforcing its criminal laws, shall extend to all the territory within the exterior boundaries of said state. Such language would, according to the doctrine of the case just cited, have repealed, by necessary implication, so much of the pre-existing treaty as placed the Ute reservation within the jurisdiction of the United States. But no such language is employed by congress in the enabling act. Nothing is said about the jurisdiction of the state over the territory within its boundaries. The people of the territory were to form for' themselves a state government, which was to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states. .Does it necessarily and invariably follow from this language that the state should exercise jurisdiction over every foot of territory within its boundaries. I think not. The language is gen-eral, and is not necessarily in conflict with an exception in a. special case created by some previous law. Suppose, for example, that the United States had, prior to the admission of the state, reserved for its own use for military purposes a. portion of the territory embraced within the limits of the state as subsequently organized,and that the same had been set apart by law for that purpose. Will it be cO,ntended that such a reservatio.n would ha'V6 paElsed, by virtue of the general tenns of the enabling act, inti> the exclusive jurisdiction of the state? If not, we see at once that the general language of the enabling act may admit of some exceptional special cases. Its language is broad and comprehensive, and is sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the state government ,over all its territory, unless, by express enactment, jurisdic- . tion over some part of that territory, for some special purpose, had been previously retained by or vested in the United States. There is probably no state in the Union which aoes not contain more or less territory which is within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. Lands held for military or naval purposes, or for the use of the post'Office, or for the courts, as well as such as are held for Indian reservations, are examples. Where such lands are taken :after the formation of a. state government, it has generally
799
FEDERAL BBPORTER.
been deemed necessary, or at least expedient, to obtain from the state a relinquishment of jurisdiction; but where jurisdiction over them is vested in the United States, prior to the organization of the state government, this is not necessary. My conclusion is that the treaty of March 2, 1868, remains in full force, and has not been repealed; that by virtue of its terms the Ute reservation is within the jurisdiction of the United States, and that the federal courts of this district have jurisdiction of the case stated in the information. The order prayed is accordingly denied. HALLETT, D. J., concurs.
MASON and others v. COTTON and others. (Oircuit Oourt, D. Colorado. November 17, 1880.) 1. RIPARIAN OWNER-USE OF WATER.-Each riparian owner has aright, within his own territory, to the use of the water as it flows, return. ing it to the channel of the river for the use of others below. 2. SAME - SAME -
EQUITABLE RELIEF.-If, however, the water may be conveniently used by two riparian owners, without strictl.l· enforcing 8uch right, a court of equity may refuse to lend its aid. therefore, a riparian owner would not be enjoined from taking water from a river for the use of his mill, although it was not returned to the channel of the river before it reached the territory of an adjoining owner, where it was not clear from the evidence that such adjoining owner could 110t use the water with substantially the same results through the race of the defendant's mill.
3.
SAME-SAME-SAME.-Held,
Motion to Dissolve Injunction. Wells, Smith cf Ma,con, for plaintiffs. Il. M. It Willard Teller and Haynes, Dnnning J: Haynes, for defendants. HALI,ETT, D. J. Plaintiffs own a flouring mill, situated near Fort Collins, in this state, which is operated by water obtained from the Cache-a·la-Poudre river, through a. race about one mile and one·fourth in length. This mill and race