UNITED STATES V. HING QUONG CHOW.
233
The fourth count of the indictment alleges a joint rate to Topeka, Kan., which was less than the rate charged to Salina. This count is bad because of a typographical error in drafting it. In that portion of the count which alleges that the shipment was made under substantially similar circumstances, Kansas City is named' as a point for the joint rate, whereas it should have been Topeka. n is urged by counsel for the defendants that the prosecution of the defendants under this indictment was an effort on the part of the government to interfere with the revenues of the Union Pacific, which could not be done until the revenue of that company should exceed 10 per cent. upon· the cost of the road. I cannot concur in the views expressed by counsel, but even if their contention be true, I think the question would not .arise upon a motion to quash. It i$ therefore unnecessary to discuss it here. As to defendant Barr, the allegation is that he was the agent who collected and received the rates which had been fixed by the other defendants. There is no allegation that he had anything to do with making the rate; and, indeed, the allegation as to the position he occupied would, I think, exclude that idea. I think, so far as the case applies to him, it comes within the principle announced in the case of U. S. v. Michigan Cent. R. Co., 43 Fed. Rep. 26 ; and the motion to quash will be sustained as to defendant'Barr. The motion will a.lso be sustained, as to the other defendants, to the first, second, and fourth counts of the indictment, and will be denied as to the third count. If, however, upon the trial of the cause, it should by made to appear by the evidence that the joint rate to Kansas Oity was made the basis of adjusting the local rates charged in this count of the indictment, the would be entitled to acquittal. Indictment No. 3,091 is against the four defendants first named, and, for the reasons herein suggested in relation to the third count in indictment No. 3,092, the motion to quash will be overruled as to the first count. The motion will be sustained as to the second count. for the reason that the same typographical error, of inserting Kan: sas City, Mo., instead of Topeka, Kan., which occurred in the fourth count of indictment No. 3,092, occurs in the second count of this indictment. UNITED STATES v. BING QUONG CHOW. (Circuit Court, E. D. Louisiana. No. 2,006. CHINESE-UNLAWFUL PRESENCE-INDICTMENT.
December 8, 1892.
The act of May 5, 1892, providing that any Chinese person "convicted and adjudged" to be not lawfully entitled to remain in the United States shall be imprisoned at hard labor for not more than one year, and thereafter removed from the country, cannot be made the basis of an indictment, The statute is political, and not criminal" in its nature; the is summary in character, and tile imprisonment is not for the purpose of punisb ment. but for detention until the removal is effected in the manner provided by the act. .
At Law. Iu1ictment of Ring Quong Chow for being unlawfully in the United States. On motion to quash. Granted.
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 58.
F.jB. Earhart, U.S., , ' " : "I,arry, O'Donnell and T. A.,Yarshall, for defendant. BILLINGS, District, Judge. The defendant is before the court under an i'ndictmentin which he is charged with having come into the United States without lawful right so to do. There are two counts, 'but they substantially set forth the same offense. The statute, relied upon by the prosecuting officer is found in the fourth section of the act of congress of May 5, 1892.' That statute, as it seems to me, deals with the coming in of Chinese as a police matter, "and is the re-enacting and continuing of what might be termed, a· "quarantine, against Chinese." They are treated as would be infected merchandise, and. the imprisonment is not a punishment for a crime, but a' means of keeping a damaging individual safely till heca.n be sent away. In a sUlllll1a.1'Y manner, and as a political matter, this coming in is to be prevented. The matter is dealt with as political, and: not criminal. The words used are those which are ordinarily fOUlld in criminal statutes;,but the intent of congress is, as it seems to me, unmistakable. What is termed ''being convicted and ad]udged" means "found," "decided" by the commissioner, representing not the criminal law:, but the political department of the government. 'Section 3 is as follows: '''That any Chinese: pel'lion, or perSOn of Chinese descent, nrrested under the provisions of this IIct or the IIcts hereby extended. shall be adjudged to be unlawunless$uch, person shall establish by affirmative fully witJ11,ll the proof, to the sati,sfaction of such justice, Judge, or commissioner, his lawful right to remain in the tJnitila States. " ,
,follows the,"l3ection relied upon as authorizing this indictment,.:,-section 4: ' "That, allY such C!line1'l6. person, Or per,onof Chinese descent. convicted and
adjudged, to be not laWfully entitled to be or remain in the United States, shall be imprisoned at hard labor for a period not exceeding one'year. and thereafter removed from the United States, as hereinbefore provided.'" ,
It is to,be observed that by sectiQIi .3 the finding' fu be against the dhi'nese, unless he disproves the allegation tha;t he is here unlawfully. The burden of proof is expressly put on him, and, unless he proves to the satisfaction of the officer his lawful right to remain, he is to be adjudged to be here unlawfully. By section 4 it is this finding which is to be followed by the consequence which, it is urged, authorizes a sentence under a criminal law. I cannot believe this was the intent of cqngress. A reversal of the presumption of conduct or presence being lawful might be introduced into procedures which were political in character, and assimilated to those relating to quarantine; but it seems to me well-nigh impossible that congress in proceedings in their.nature criminal should there shQuld be the presumption of guilt, and that the. accused should be found guilty unless he proves himself to be innocent. The whole proceeding of keeping out of the country a class of persons deemed by the sllvereign tobe t,:> the state, to be effective of its object, must be summary in its methods, and political in its character.It no place in tile cl'lminal law, with its forms and rights and delays. After theunlawfuIpresence of the alien is de-
IN BE WHITNEY·.
235
termined,. he Il1ust be sent back. to his ·country by the treasury department at Washington. To prevent an unreasonable and possibly oppressive detention it must be within one year. Meanwhile he must keep from entering thecommuIrlty of the people of the United States, and therefore he is to be imprisoned. To prevent expense to the government, and as a sanitary matter, he is to be made to work. This, it seems to me,. is the meaning of the clause relied upon to authorize trial and punishment for a crime. There is nothing in the statute declaring that it shall be a crime or a mi&demeanor for a Chinese to come into the country. The unlawfulness is not made the basis of criminal procedure or detention, but rather' is made the warrant to send him back. The imprisonment spoken of in the statute is that which is necessary to effectuate his return. It seems to me that section 4 deals with proceedings before $ec()I:m;nissioner conducting an examination which is political, and not. cciln,inal, alld. amounts to a direction to him and to the autho..-itief! who conduct the transportation or removal back to China, and is twofold: First, that a Chinese adjudged to be here unlawfully shall be removed within a year; second, that till removal he shall be kept in prison and made to work. In accordance with these views, I must direct that this indictment be quashed, and that the defendant be remanded to the custody of the commissioner, to be dealt with according to law.
In re WHITNEY.
(Circuit Court, D. Delaware.
CUSTOMS DUTIES-CLASSIFICATION -BOILER FLUEB.
Certain imported articles were invoiced as "Purves' rlbbedboller flues," They consisted of ribbed cYli'llders flanged at one end, designed and adapted for use in the boil,)rs of steamboats. They are made to order, and dellvered in the condition in which they leave the factory, and known by the inventor, maker, importer, and seller, and by practical as. "ribbed boiler fJ,ues." Both English and American have been isSUed for them as an "improvement in boller flues." wenknown scientific works describe these articles as "flues," etc. An extensive manufacturer of corrugated furnace flues, similar in all essential features to the articles in question, advertised such articles as "corrugated boller flues w'lth flanged or plain ends." They were in use for nearly four years prior to the tariff of October I, 1890. Held, that the articles are dutiable as "boiler flues," under Schedule C, par. 157, at 21-2 cents per pound, and not at 45 per centum ad valorem under Schedule C,par. 215, as manufactures not enumerated, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, etc.
Application for a Review of the Board of General Appraisers' Decision. Affirmed. Curie, Smith & Mackie, for petitioner. Beniah Watson, F. S. Dist. Atty., and John Proctor Clark, for tho United States WALES, District Judge. This is an application by the importer, under the provisions of section 15 of the act of congreSS entitled "An