YAZOO & lI. V. B.CO. V. WAGNER.
feet long and 40 feet wide, which would be unjustifiable in a yard a mile long and containing 22 tracks. Neither do we think that cases are controlling which turn upon the circumstances under which an employe will be held to have accepted the risk from unblocked frogs or switches. Questions of this kind must mainly turn upon the facts of a particular record. Before a court is authorized to presume, as matter of law, that an employe accepts the dangers incident to defect. ive machinery or roadbed. it must appear that he accepted employment with actual knowledge of such defect and its dangers, or that he con· tinued in the service after he acquired knowledge, or by due care alid reasonable attention might have known of the danger. To justify a presumption of knowledge, the defect must be obvious and its equally plain to one at all attentive. The facts here do not make a case where the court could justifiably say that Keegan's ignorance 0:[ the dangerous character of this space in the roadbed was unjustifiable in law and his acceptance of the risk presumed. OUter matters have been presented by the assignment of errors. They have received attention. None of them are well taken. The judgment must be affirmed. YAZOO & M. V. R. CO. v. WAGNER.l (Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. No. 601. 1. TRIAL-INsUFFICIENT Pr_EADINGS-CeRED BY EVIDENCE.
April 12, 1898.)
After the court has been called upon to bear and pass upon testimony, It will adjudicate on the facts shown, though not strictly within the pleadings, as it Is well settled in Louisiana that parties are bound by the evidence Introduced by them on a material point, though not strictly presented by the pleadings. It being customary to allow consirlerable latitude in the m'anner in which witnesses shall be called, for examina tion, a judgment will not be reversed merely because a witness, in rebuttal, after the close of defendant's case, was allowed to testify to new matters. Pardee, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
2.
WITNESSES-REBUTTAL-TESTIFYTNG TO NEW MATTER.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Louisiana. This was an actionbrollght in the circuit court for the Eastern district of Louisiana by John Wagner,' a sUbject of the emperor of Germany, against the Illinois Central Railroad Company, a corporation created, by the state of Illinois. to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by him in being kicked oil' a freight train by an employli of said company on the nil'(ht of the 26th of February, 1896, in the suburbs of the city of Orleans. After answer filed by said company, defendant In error filed, a supplemental petition' making the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company, a corporation of the state of Mississippi, a party, and alleging that the Illinois Central Railroad Company Is liable in soUdo with the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company, because the Yazoo & Valley Railroad Company was owned and Oper· ated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The Mississippi Company appeared and filed answer, and denied generally the allegations in the petition, and alleged that the plaintiff's Injuries were due to his own negligence, and occurred by falllng off defendant's train while unlawfully attempting to steal answer was filed by the IllinoIs Central Railroad Coma ride thereon.' 1
Rehearing denied May 18, 1898.
856::.
87
pany.,to tile SllPpJemental petition. AU the l?artles went to trial upon the Issues as thus 'niade, and there was a verdict for the defendant in error, In the sum of $1;000, against'the Yazoo & Mississippi ,Valley Railroad Company, and a verdict in favor of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, on November 19, 1896. This verdict was, 011 motioll, duly set aside by the court, and a new trial awarded to the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company, the plaintiff In error, Rnd a final jUdgment entered and signed In favor of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. At a subsequent trial, verdict was rendered against the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Rallroad Company In the sum of $5,500 on February 4, 1897. UpOn this verdict the court entered judgment, which was made final on March 29, 1897, whereupon the plaintiff In error filed Its petition for writ of errOr, to operate as a supersedeas, Its assignments of error, and Its bond, and removed the cause into this court. Assignment of errors: First. "The circuit court erred in refusing to Instruct the jury at the trial, as a matter of law, to wit: 'That the petition and supplemental petition do not state upon their face any legal cause of action, or any right to recover, as against the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company,-It not being alleged either In the petition orin the supplemental petition that any employ or servant of l the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company kicked or shoved the plaintiff, or forced him to alight, from any traln of said company while said train was In motion, or that his Injuries were in any wise caused by any of the servants or of said Yazoo &. Mississippi Valley Railroad Company,and that the jury should therefore find a verdict for the defendant the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company.' If (Blliof exceptions No.. 1.) Second. "That there Is error patent on the face of the record, In that the petition and supplemental petition do not set forth any legal cause of action against the Yazoo & Mississlppt Valley Railroad Qompany, and the of the record does not jnstify any verdict or judgment as against the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Company." Third. "The said circuit court erred in allowing the plain· tiff, at the trial, to Impeach the testimony of Lindsay Banks, a witness recalled by the plaintiff as a witness In rebuttal ·after the close of the defendant's evidence, and which witness was then. and there examined before the jury as to new matters and things by plaintiff's. counsel, which said new matters and things In rebuttal had not been elicited or In any wise inquired into by defendant's counsel .when said Lindsay. Banks was examined by defendant's coun· sel before the jury as defendant's witness; and the court erred then and there in allowing the witness Charles Delaney, also a witness for the plaintiff in rebuttal, to give testimony,. over the objection of defendant's counsel, tending to impeach the witness Lindsay Banks as to new matters and things testified to by Lindsay Banks in rebuttal when recalled by plaintiff." (Bill of exceptions No.3,) Fourth. "The said court erred In refusing to instruct the jury, at the close of all of the evidence, to peremptorily find It verdict for the defendant, upon the ground that the plaintiff's evidence was too slight to justify a verdict in his favor, and that, if such vel'dict was rendered, it would be the duty of the court to set it aside, upon the authority of Randall v. Railroad Co., 109 U. S. 482, 3 Sup. Ct. 322," (Blll of Exceptions No.2.)
GirauIt Farrar, for plaintiff in error. for defendant in error. Before PAItDEEand McCORMICK, Circuit Judges, and SWAYNE, DistriCt Judge.
W. S. Parkerson and A. B. Phillips,
SWAYNE, District Judge, after stating the· facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court. We think the question of law raised by the first and .second assignments of' error· is well settled in Louisiana,-that ·parties are bound by the evidence hitrOduced by them on a material point, although not strictly presented by the pleadings, and that, after establishing the facts at a trial'; they cannot be permitted to close to their adversary the door which they themselves have opened; and the court, after hav·
UNITED STATES V. STOCKING.
857
ing been made to hear and pass upon testimony introduced by the reo spective parties either under the allegations which are actually made, or which might have been conducive to the final determination of the object of the controversy, should adjudicate on these facts as fully as if received under specific averments. A judgment rendered under such circumstances becomes a conclusive bar to a reinvestigation of the matter. It has grown customary to allow considerable latitude at the trial, from the ordinary and strict rulings of evidence, in the manner ,and the time at which witnesses should be called .for exam· ination and cross·examination; and the circumstances of each case should, to a large extent, regulate the ruling of the jUdge in the ex· ercise of his discretion in the matter. We sympathize very strongly with the plaintiff in error in the comments made upon the testimony in reference to the other question raised by the fourth assignment of error, but, upon inspection of the record, we believe that the court below was not only justified, but compelled, to submit the testimony to the jury, although some of it seems to us of a very doubtful char· acter. Upon careful inspection of all the record, we do not find the errors assigned to be sustained. The judgment rendered herein is therefore affirmedL PARDEE, Circuit Judge, dissents.
UNITED STATES v. STOCKING. (District Court, D. Montana. No. 321. 1. INDIANS-REMOVAL OF PERSONS FROM INDIAN COUNTRY TURNING. PENALTY FOR RE-
May 20, 1898.)
By the act of June 30, 1834 (4 Stat. 730, § 10), the superintendent of Indian affairs and Indian agents and subagents are empowered to remove from the Indian country any persons found therein contrary to law. By the act of August 18, 1856 (11 Stat. 80, § 2), It Is provided that any person thus removed who shall return shall forfeit $1,000. Held, that the latter act is not an amendment, but is a supplement, to the former one. The act of June 30, 1834 (4 Stat. 730, § 10), authorizing the removal of persons from the Indian country, was supplemented August 18, 1856 (11 Stat. 80, § 2), by an act prescribing a penalty upon any person so removed who should return thereto. The act of 1834 also prOVided (4 Stat. 733, § 27) that all penalties provided for by .the act should be collected in an action of debt at the suit of the United States, etc. HeZd., that the latter provision did not apply to the act of 1856.
SAME.
8.
SAME-REVISION OF STATUTES.
The act of June 30, 1834 (4 Stat. 733, § 27), prOVided for the collection of all penalties accruing under "this act" by an action of debt, etc. The act of August 18, 1S56 (11 Stat. 80, § 2), prOVided a penalty for an infraction of the act of 1834. Upon revision the act of 1856 was printed under the same title with the act of 1834, as section 2148 of the Revised Statutes,. The section providing for the collection of the penalty (Rev. St. § 2124) was changed to provide for the collection of penalties under "this title" instead of under "this act." By Rev. St. § 5600, it is provided that no presumption of a legislative construction shall be drawn by reason of the title under which 8ny particular section Is placed by the revision.