YATES V. UNITED STATES.
51
act it placed in the contracts a clause which enables it to demand the payment of the second premiums in less than one year from the date of the policies. Thus, the company, by its own act, and without has made these conthe actual knowledge or assent of tracts of insurance self-contradictory; and, this being so, then the construction ought to be against the company, against the forfeiture, and in favor of that construction which carries out the real agreement and understanding which the evidence demonstrates existed between the parties to these contracts. . If free to give judgment according to my own view of the questions involved, I should find for the plaintiff; but, as already stated, the circuit court of appeals held in the equity case that there could be no recovery on the policies, at law or in equity, and I deem it my duty to follow this ruling, leaving it to the plaintiff to carry this action at law before that court for its further consideration; and therefore, while my opinion is with the plaintiff, the judgment must be for the defendant YATES
et
aI. v. UNITED STATES.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. No. 432. 1.
October 3, 1898.)
SUITS BY UNITED STATES-EvIDENCE OF CREDITS-PROOF OF PRESENTATION OF CLAIM.
Under Rev. St. § 951, to render admissible evidence of a credit in a suit by the United States against an officer, unless brought within the exceptions therein stated, evidence in some form from the books of the treasury, showing that the claim, accompanied by the proper vouchers, has been presented to the accounting officers, Is Indispensable, and proof of such presentation cannot be made by parol. In such suit any credit claimed by defendant, legal or equitable, whether arising out of the transaction sued on or not, may be allowed as a set-off; hut to authorize the court to admit evidence of such claim it must be shown that it has been presented to the accounting officers of the treasury and disallowed, and, while no particular form of disallowance is essential, mere suspension of action is not a disallowance. The correctness of instructions given or refused cannot be considered by an appellate court unless exception to the action of the trial court was taken before the jury retired.
2.
SAME-SET-OFF-PROOF OF DISAI,LOWANCE.
8.
TRIAL-EXCEPTIONS TO INSTRUCTIONs-TIME FOR TAKING.
4.
REVIEw-INSTRUCTIONS-SUFFICiENCY OF RECOHD.
A charge given by the court is prel:mmed to have been applicable to the case made by the evidence, and cannot be reviewed unless the plaintiff in error presents to the appellate court all of the evidence, or all of that portion bearing on the point in controversy, with a statement in the bill of exceptions showing such fact.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of California. Barclay Henley and S. V. Costello, for plaintiffs in error. Samuel Knight, Ass't U. S. Atty. Before GILBER'r and IWSS, Circuit Judges, and HAWLEY, District Judge.
58
90 FEDERAL
RlliPOltTER.
HAWLEY, Distrid Judge. This is an action against C. H. Yates, as United StatesIndian agent at Round Valley Indian Agency in Cali· fornia, and the sureties' upon his official bond, to recover the sum tried before a jury, and resultea in a of $3,390.15. The judgment being entered in favor of the United States for the sum of $967.45. In the assignment of errors it is claimed that the court erred "(1) in rejecting the testimony supporting and disallowing the item of $80 paid to ;Lillenthal & Co. for coal in the second quarter of 1890; (2) in rejecting the testimony in support of and disallowing the item of $75 paid Thomas A. Cox & Co. for seeds purchased in the third quarter of· 1890; (3) in disallowing the item, and the testimony in support thereof, of $117.35 for services. and expenses rendered and incurred by said defendant Yates in month of July, 1890, in traveling from the Round Valley Indian reservation in Mendocino county to a' certain point in Shasta county,-all being done under the orders of the commissioner of Indian affairs issued to 'said Yates under date of June 12, 1889." There are a great num· ber of other items in the assignments of errors, but the above are the only ones relied uponby the plaintiffs in error. From the bill of exceptions it appears that the case was regularly called for trial and a jury was impaneled on February 9, 1897; but, for reasons here· inafter stated, that jury was dismissed, and the case was tried be· fore another jury on June 1, 1897. The item of $80 for coal had not been allowed by the accounting the reason that "no vouchers officers of the treasury department are furnished in support of disbursements claimed; no evidence of payment has been furnished." In respect to this account the following testimony was given by Mr. Yates: "Q. Mr. Henley: What have you to say about this item of $80? A. I have a copy of the authorizing letter and Mr. LIlIenthal's receipt. The Court: Where Is the evidence that it was transmitted to Washington? A. I forwarded this bill that he sent me with my quarterly report to Washington. It probably could not be found. I have the authorizing letter for the and Mr. LIlIenthal's receipt for the money. Mr. Henley: For $8O? A. Yes. Mr. Henley: We think that ought to be permitted to go to the jury. The Court: This case was continued for the very purpose of allowing Mr. Yates to employ some one to go to the treasury department, and get a transcript that would show that these vouchers had been presented, or rejected, or disallowed. I cannot permit this to go to the jury, and I. shall have to sustllin the objection to it."
The item of $75 paid Cox & Co. for -seeds was not allowed by the accounting officers of the treasury department because tne "agent presents no receipt for alleged disbursement; no evidence of payment of $75 furnished." In relation to this account Yates testified: "I know I paid it at the time, and got a duplicate receipt, which I have here now. Mr. Knight: I object to that. Q. Has that ever been presented to the department? A. The original has. Q. Is there any evidence In this account that it has been so presented? A. Not that I know of. · · · 'l'he Court: I shall have to rule that out."
Section 951 of the Revised Statutes provides that: "In suits brought by the United States against individuals no claim for a credit shall be admitted, upon trial, except such as appear to have been presented to the accounting officers of the treasury, for their examination,
59
and to have been by them dlrmllowed, in whole or in part, unless it is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the defendant is, at the time of the trial. in possession of vouchers not before in his power to procure, and that he was prcnnted from eXhibiting a claim for such credit at the treasury by absence from the United States or by some unavoidable accident."
In U. S. v. Gilmore, 7 Wall. 491, the defendant was a receiver of public moneys, and upon the trial claimed a credit for the hire of certain clerks employed by him as such depositary, and offered proof in support of the demand. The attorney of the United States objected to the admission of the evidence upon the ground that it must first be shown that the claim had been exhibited to the proper accounting officer of the treasury and disallowed, and that the exhibition and disallowance could be proven only by the certificate of such officer. The trial court stated that it would permit the evidence, and control the matter by instructions to the jury. Gilmore then testified that he "presented these claims to the account· ing officer, and they were disallowed." The supreme court, after referring to fhe provisions of the statute above quoted, said: "If the claims were not presented until after the account was closed upon the books of the treasury, still It was necessary to submit them for examination to both those officers [aUditor and first comptroller]. The action of both was necessary. A transcript shOWing that action would have been sufficient. Parol evidence in such cases is Wholly inadmissible. Evidence from the books of the treasury In some form Is Indispensable. · · · The court should not have permitted any proof of the claims to be given until the proper foundation for it had been laid. When the defendants failed to produce the evidence necessary to warrant the introduction of such testimony, all which had been given should have been eXCluded, and the claims withdrawn from the consideration of the jury. To allow them to remain in the case was an error, and any instruction given afterwards, short of their with·drawal, was unavailing to cure it. The course proposed to be pursued when the objection by the district attorney was taken couli1 hardly fail, under any circumstances, to mislead and confnse, and to prevent the proper trial of the canse. * * * Whether the testimony in support of the claim was properly in the case was a question for the court, and not for the jury."
U. 8. v. Giles, 9 Cranch, 212, 237; Watkins v. U. S., 9 Wall. 759, 764; Halliburton v. U. S., 13 Wall. 63, 65; Railroad Co. v. U. 8., 101 U. S. 543, 548; U. S. v. Fletcher, 147 U. S. 664, 667, 13 Sup. ct. 434; Alexander v. U. S., 6 C. C. A. 602, 57 Fed. 828, 832; U. S. v. Patrick, 20 C. C. A. 11, 73 Fed. 800, 805; U. S. v. North American Commercial Co., 74 Fed. 146, 152; U. S. v. Smith, 1 Bond, 68, Fed. Cas. No. 16,321; U. S. v. Duval, Gilp. 356, Fed. Cas. No. 15,015. No evidence was presented by the defendants which brought either of these items within the exceptions mentioned in the statute. The court did not err in its rulings in reference to these accounts. The record in relation to the account of $117.35, which was set up as a counterclaim to this action, is presented in such a confusing and unsatisfactory manner as to make it impossible to determine whether the account has been allowed by the government or not. The record shows that the government, in making 01].t its case. introduced the transcript of accounts of defendant Yates as Indian agent, showing upon their face a balance due the government of $3,390.15. But the transcripts of accounts are not embodied in the record, and there is nothing presented which shows what specific
60
90 FEDERAL REPORTER.
accounts had been allowed by the accounting officers of the treasury. In the counterclaim set up by the defendant Yates there was a claim for an allowance against the government for $160.15 for traveling expenses, consisting of two items,-one of $117.35 and one of $42.80. The bill of exceptions states that the documentary evidence introduced by the plaintiff showed that the only credit claimed by the defendant Yates as traveling expenses, disallowed by the accounting officers of the treasury department, and not allowed or found for the defendant, was an item of $40.25. The statement of differences with reference to tijis item is as follows: "This trip was made from agency to San Francisco, February 27 to March 10, 1887, to make new bond and deposit balance. The making of a new bond being a matter personal with the agent, the exper.ses attending it are not properly chargeable to the United States, and, there being no authority or necessity to make a trip to San Francisco to deposit funds, the amount is disallowed."
This statement, without comment, clearly shows that the court did not err in excluding this item. The plaintiffs in error introduced a letter from acting commissioner of Indian affairs, dated Washington, July 12, 1890, addressed to C. H. Yates, Ukiah, Cal., as follows: "Replying to your letter of the 27th ult., In which you ask that certain traveling expenses, amounting to $160.15, incurred by you while ageut at Round Valley agency, CaL, and which were approved by letters from this office of April 23 and May 29, 1890, be paid, you are Informed that the money for these expenses cannot be placed to your credit, as you are no longer in service. You are advlseu to forward to· this office the vouchers returned to you in the letters already quoted. When received, they will at once be forwarded to the accounting officer of the treasury, by whom payment will be made In the final settlement of your accounts. . "Respectfully, J. T. Morgan, Commissioner."
With reference to this claim, the following proceedings then took place, as shown by the bill of exceptions: "The Court: You got credit for that? A. No, Elr. Mr. Henley: He ought to have It. Mr. Knight: What Is the amount? A. Mr. Henley: $160.15. '.rhe Court: It Is allowed In the account. Mr. Henley: My impression is that there was another allowance in the account. * · · Mr. Henley: These two Items ($117.35 and $42.80) are not allowed In the account, Mr. Yates? A. No, sir; that letter was received after I left the reservation." Cross-examination: "Mr. Knight: What steps did you take to present your claim for traveling expenses set up in your counterclaim to the accounting officers at Washington? A. I forwarded the receipt for my expenses and a copy of the authorization for the trip I had made."
The witness further testified that his claims were forwarded to Washington before the letter of the acting commissioner, which is quoted above, had been sent; that the expenses were for a trip to Shasta county, as he was instructed to do; and stated that he had no evidence here of the fact that he sent on these vouchers by registered mail.· In the charge of the court to the jury, which was in all respects liberal to the defendants, some 20 or more items were specifically disallowed, including the item of $40.25 for traveling expenses in giving. bond. The court, with reference to these items, said:
YATES V. UKITED
61
"The total amount of these items, as I have them here, is $942.86, for which there is no sufficient explanation or evidence sufficient to overcome the prima facie evidence of the transcripts. You will therefore find for the United States for this amount and interest, in any event. I now call your attention to certain items which are in dispute. You will add to this amount of $942.86, which has been proven as an indebtedness, the amount of such other items as you may find he has not accounted for."
The court then enumerated specifically 30 or more items. In this enumeration are only 2 items for traveling expenses, as follows: "In the second quarter of 1890, two claims are made for traveling expenses, one being in the sum of $25.75, and the other for $49.50. It is claimed that these expenses have been allowed by the commissioner of Indian affairs, and shouid have been allowed by the accounting officers."
At the close of the charge the following colloquy occurred between counsel and the court: "Mr. Henley: Your honor did not say anything about the counterclaim. The Court: The counterclaim consists of the travelir:g expenses, which I have allowed in full. Mr. Henley: It is not adverted to here,-only a small portion, which I can give to your honor. The Court: Traveling expenses. $40.25, for making a new bond, I do not allow, and have so instructed the jury. Mr. Henley: Then there is the amount of $117 and something. It is not in this statement of differences. The Court: In the statement of differences there is a charge of $25.75, and another of $49.50, making $75.2i:i. I will leave it to the jury to determine whether the authorization you refer to covers those charges."
The court then read the letter of the commissioner, heretofore quoted, and said: "I assume, Mr. Henley, that these charges for traveling expenses are the traveling expenses for which Yates has claimed credit. :\11'. Henle:r: That is not so. I can show that to your honor in a moment. There are only two items of traveling expenses in this statement which have been disallowed. One of those Items is embraced in the $160. The Court: There is one item of $40.25 for executing a bond whiC'h cannot be allowed. Mr. Henle,}-: \Ve are entitled to a credit of $117. There cannot be any dispute about that at all. It is not mentioned any place in this statement of differences. I set it up as a counterclaim. The justice of it is admitted there by the letters from the Indian commissioner. The Court: I cannot further consider that now. I will leave it to the jury. There is no such identification of the items as will authorize the court to entertain the amount :rou mention as a counterclaim. The letter was written after Yates went out of office. Mr. Henley: And which he wrote for after he got out of office, because he had finished up his business then, and received that letter from the department. All I want is the allowance which the department bays he is entitled to. ,. ,. ,. The Court: The most I can do is to allow you voucher ::-10. 4 for the first quarter, 1890, $25.75, and voucher Ko. 4 second quarter, 1889, for $49.00, to go to the jury with the letter of July 12th. * ,. * Mr. Knight: It is impossible to identify these items with the authorization, because the very fault the department finds is that there were no vouchers submitted. Mr. Henley: The letter says vouchers were submitted and receipt acknowledged. There it is in that letter. The Court: 'You are advised to fonvard to this office the vouchers.' * * * You can take an exception to the court's charge. I cannot delay the case."
There is no competent evidence in the record that any voucher was presented to the accounting officers, as requested by the letter of the commissioner. All presumptions are in favor of the judgment. In order to secure a reversal or modificati(\ll of the judgment the plaintiffs in error must affirmatively show that the item of
62
$117.35 was disallowed, in whole or in part. This they have failed to do. ' The proper evidence to show that a claim has been disallowed by the accounting officer is by the transcript from the books of the treasury. No particular form is essential to the allowance or disallowance of a claim, bu.t a mere suspension of action is not a disallowance. U. S. v. Fletcher, 147 U. S. 664, 667, 13 Sup. Ot. 434. In Watkins v. U. S., 9 Wall. 759, 765, the court said: "Whether the claim for credit is a legal or equitable claim, if It has been duly presented to the accounting officers, and has been by them disallowed, it is the proper subject of set-off under that act, but it cannot be adjudicated in a federal court unless it has been so presented and disallowed. U. S. v. Wilkins, 6 Wheat. 143. The rejection of such a claim by the accounting officers constitutes no objection to it as a claim for set-off, as it cannot be admitted in evidence unless it has been presented and disallowed, as required by the act of congress. U. S. v. Macdaniel, 7 Pet. 11; U. S. v. Ripley, Id. 25. Such claims as fall within that act are not specifically defined, and in view of that fact this court has held that the act intended to allow the defendant the full benefit at the trial of any credit, whether it arises out of the particular transaction for which he was sued or out of any dIstinct and independent transaction which would constitute a legal or equitable set-off, In whole or in part, of the debt for which he is sued, subject, of course, to the requirement of the act that the claim must have been presented to the proper accounting officers, and have been by them disallowed. U. S. v. Fillebrown, 7 Pet. 48."
See, also, U. S. v. Robeson, 9 Pet. 319, 324; Gratiot v. U. S., 15 Pet. 336, 371; U. S. v. Eckford, 6 Wall. 484, 491; U. S. v. Patrick, 20 C. C. A. 11, 73 Fed. 800, 807. It is claimed that the court erred in failing to give certain instructions asked for by the plaintiffs in error; but it is not shown that any exceptions were taken thereto before the jury retired to deliberate upon their verdict, and, under the decisions of this court, we are not authorized to review the action of the court in this respect. Bank v. McGraw, 22 C. C. A. 622, 76 Fed. 930, 935, 936, and numerous authorities there cited; Telegraph Co. v. Baker, 29 O. O. A. 392, 85 Fed. 690. With reference to the charge of the court to which an exception was allowed, the presumption is that it was applicable to the case presented by the evidence, unless there is something in the record to the contrary. The burden of proof to show error is upon the party who asserts it, and to maintain his position he must either present to the appellate court all of the evidence, so that the reviewing court can see for itself what the evidence was, or -present in his bill of exceptions that portion of the evidence which bears upon the point in controversy, with a statement that no other evidence was submitted. As was said in U. So \". Patrick, supra, "the plaintiffs in error have done neither." The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed, with costs.
ROBERTSON V. BLAINE COUNTY.
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ROBERTSON v. BLAINE COUNTY. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. October 3, 1898.) No.441. 1. LIMITATIONS-ACTION AGAINST COUNTy-LIABILITY OF FORMER COUNTY.
An action against a county to enforce a liability arising from an Indebtedness ofa former county charged upon the new county by the act creating it is upon a specialty created by the statute. As no liability against the new county could arise from the original obligation alone, such obligation Is but an element in the cause of action, the statute being the other and indispensable element; hence limitation against such action runs only from the creation of the new county, and not from the maturity of the original debt.
2. SAME-INDEBTEDNESS PAYABLE FROM SPECIAL FUND.
A county cannot plead limitation to an action agaInst It to enforce an obligation payable from a particular fund without first showing that It has provided such fund.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Idaho. This action was commenced September 30, 1897, by the plaintiff in error, to recover a judgment against the defendant in error for the sum of $10,590, with Interest, the amount alleged to be due on certain bonds and coupons issued by Alturas county, Idaho, under and in pursuance of an act of the legislature of the state of Idaho entitled "An act providing for the erection of a court house and jail at Hailey, the county seat of Alturas county," approved February 8, 1883. The bonds were issued :\fay 1, 1883, and were made payable November 1, 1891. The legislature of Idaho, In 1895, passed an act entitled "An act to abolish the counties of Alturas and Logan. and to create and organize the county of Blaine," approved March 5, 1895. '.rhis act provides: Section 1: "The counties of Alturas and Logan are hereby abolished, and the county of Blaine is hereby created, embracing all of the territory heretofore included within the boundary lines of said Alturas and Logan counties." Section 7: "All valid and legal indebtedness of Alturas and Logan counties shall be assumed and paid by the county of Blaine." Section 8: ... · · All rights of action now existing in favor of, or against, said Alturas or Logan county, may be maintained In favor of or against Blaine county." Sess. Laws Idaho 1895, pp. 31, 33. It appears from the averments of the amended complaint: That the act authorizing the issuance of the bonds provided that "the board of county commissioners of said county shall, at the time of levy of county taxes, Include therein a levy of sufficient tax to meet the interest and principal of said bonds as the same shall become due, and the tax so levied shall be known as the court-house bond tax, and shall be collected as other taxes are collected, and shall constitute a separate fund, and shall be used for no other purpose. And for the payment of said bonds, principal and interest, all the taxable property of said county is hereby pledged." That said bonds and coupons were, as they respectively matured, presented :&or payment to the treasurer of Alturas county, while it eXisted, and to the treasurer of Blaine county since the creation thereof, and payment thereon demanded by the holder thereof; and that the payment thereof, or any part thereof, was refused, on the ground that there was no money In the treasury applicable to their payment. That the commissioners of Alturas county neglected and refused to levy any tax to meet the interest and principal of said bonds as they became due. That on February 7, 1889, the legislature of Idaho divided Alturas county, and from its territory formed the counties of Elmore and Logan, and gave other portions to Bingham county, provision being made for apportioning the indebtedness, except the bonded court-house indebtedness, which was to remain the indebtedness of Alturas county. That on the 18th of March, 1895, the legislature of Idaho passed an act creating the county of Lincoln out of the terrJtory of Blaine county, apportioning the indebtedness between said coun-