DmCKERHOFF 'v. MILLER.
651
custody of the court in bankruptcy; and I can see no ground for hold-_ ing that the state court was without jurisdiction to entertain'the suit originally, or that the suit should be' stayed by an injunction from this court. Furthermore, there is very grave doubt whether this court has jurisdiction over this proceeding, viewed as a bill bI'ought to test the validity of the mortgage sought to be foreclosed in the state court. The bankrupt, the trustee, and the mortgagee ar,e all citizens of the state Iowa, and the question is whether, under the provisions of the second clauseof section 23 of the Bankrupt Act of 1898, jm:iSflictioncanbe maintained, except with the consent of the defendants. In terms, this clause enacts that suits by the trustee shall only be brought or prosecuted in the courts where the bankrupt might have brought the same, if proceedings in bankruptcy had not been instituted. If this limitation applies to the district courts of the United States, it is clear that this court is without jurisdiction over the present bill, and I am greatly inclined to the view that this clause is a limitation upon the jurisdiction of the district court. In the case of In re Sievers, 91 Fed. 366, is to be found a very strong argument by Judge Adams in support oUhe view that this clause of section 23 is intended to apply only to the circuit courts. The contrary view is held by .Judge Bellinger in Burnett v. Mercantile Co., Id. 365, and by Judge Buffington in Mitchell v. McClure, Id., 621. As this case is now before me solely upon the application for a preliminary injunction, and as I hold that, assuming that this court might have jurisdiction, the showing for the issuance of an injunction is not sufficient, it is not necessary to finally decide this question of the extent of the jurisdiction of this court, although, as already stated, I incline to the view, that the jurisdiction does not exist in a case of this character. The application for an injunction is refused.
DIECKERHOFF et al.v. MILLER et al. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. No. 154. 1. CUSTOMS DU'J'IES-PROTESTS.
April 4, 1890.)
Act Congo Feb. 26, 1845, relating to protests on Imports of goods, was repealed by Act Congo June 30, 1864, which substituted for the commonlaw action of the importer against the collector a Statutory remedy, and regulated its incidents. 'l'he provisions of both acts were Incorporated into the Revised Statutes approved June 22, 1874; those of the act of 1864 being reproduced in section 2931, and those of the act of 1845 in section 3011. Held, that the provisions of the act of 1845 did not affect the rights of an importer which accrued between December 1, 1873, and .June 22, 1874; and; if the importer's protests were made in the manner provided by the act of 1864, they were valid.
2. SAME-HAIRCLOTH GOODS.
Importations of bindings, braids, and buttons made between the 6th day of February and the 15th day of .June, 1874, all made of mobair, should have been classified for duty under Act July 14, 1870, § 21, as corrected by joint resolution of January 30, 1871, providing tbat tbe duty "on hair--cloth known as crinoline cloth, and on all otber manufactures ot hair not otherwise berein provided for, 30 per cent. ad valorem," and not under the act of :\farch 2, 1867.
652,
93, FljlPERAL
REPORTER.
: In, E/rrOl' to theOircuitOourt of the United State.s for the Southern oi,NewYork. ' EdwinB.Si;nith,.for plaintiffs in error. -Henry a.Platt, for defend8lJil.ts in error. l3eforeWALLAOEarid SHIPMAN, Judges. 'II . "
w Oircuit Judge. This is a writ of error by the plaintiffs in the. court below to revie,w a judgment entered upon the direction f the Court. 'Between the 6th day of February and 15th day of June, 1s,74, the plllintiffs imported into New¥ork certain bindings, braids, and buttons, all Illade of mohair, which is the hair of the Angora goat. collector of the pott, classified these goods under the provisions 'Of the act of March 2, 1867, entitled "An act to provide increased revenue'from imported wool, and for other purposes," reading as follows: ' '. '. "On webblljgs, beltings, bindings, braips, galloons, fringes,. glmps, cords. cord1iHUld-tassels, dress-trimmings, head-nets,. buttons or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments; wrought by hand or braided byniachinery; made of wool, worsted or mohair, or of which wool, worsted Qr:mohair is a component material; fifty cents a pound and, in addition thereto, fifty per centum ad valorem." 14 Stat. 561.
Within 10 days after the collector had liquidated the duties upon this basis, but not at or before payment of these duties, the plaintiffs protested against· this assessment, claiming their goods to be dutiable under that clause of the twenty-first section of the act of July 14, 1870 (as corrected by joint resolution of January 30, 1871), which reads thus: , 264, 593.
"On hair-cloth' known as crinoline cloth, and on all other manufactnres of hair not otherwise herein provided for, 30 per cent. ad valorem." 10 Stat.
Answering an appeal taken by plaintiffs, the secretary of the treasury affirmed the ,collector's action in the premises. Thereupon this suit was seasonably brought. These facts having been proved upon the trial, the defendants, without offering evidence, asked to have a verdict directed in their favor upon these grounds: (1) That plaintiffs had not shown facts sufficient to entitle them to recover; (2) that all the: importations in suit being after December 1, 1873, and prior to February 8, 1877, no protests were to have been made, filed, or served by the plaintiffs in this action within the time prescribed by the law in force at the time of such importations, nor has it been shown that the payments of duty thereol) were made under protest, as then required by law, in order to enable the plaintiffs to maintain this action; (3) that the goods in this suit were concededly braids, buttons, and bindings of mohair, and were specifi'callyprovided for eo nomine igthe act of March 2, 1867, and that the collector's action was right lIl'assessing them for duty under said specific provision. only question argued at bar is whether either the second or tHird objection to the right of the plaintiffs to recover is well foun ,d. The validity of the finst objection depends upon the question whether the provision in respect to protest in the act of congress
DIECKERHOlfF V. MILLER.
.653
of February 26, 1845, was repealed by that contained in the act of congress of June 30, 1864. That the latter was, by implication,a repeal of the former was declared by Mr. Justice Bradley in Barney v. Watson, 92 U. S. 453, and in Arnson v. Murphy, 109 U. S. 238, 3 Sup. Ct. 184, where the question was again considered, the court adhered to that opinion, and held that the act of 1864 substituted for the common-law action of the importer against the collector a statutory remedy, and regulated as to all its incidents his right of action to recover duties illegally exacted. The provisions of both acts were, however, incorporated into the Revised Statutes of the United States, -those of the act of 1864 being reproduced in section 2931, and those of the act of 1845 in section 3011; and it is insisted for the defendants in error that by the terms of section 5595 both provisions were embraced as laws of the United States in force on the 1st day of December, 1873. We cannot adopt this view. The Revised Statutes were approved June 22, 1874, and it was from that date that they became new enactments of the United States. It is from that date that they are to be treated as a legislative declaration of the statute law existing on the 1st day of December, 1873, respecting the subjects which they embrace. The plaintiffs' rights accrued in the interval between December 1, 1873, and June 22, 1874; and, if their protests were made in form and manner according to the statutes then in force, their remedy is not taken away by a subsequent legislative declaration that they were not thus made. Section 5595 is one of several sections, entitled "Repeal Provisions," intended to effectuate the substitution of the Revised Statutes 'for all pre-existing statutes, and that it was not meant to affect any act done or right accruing or accrued between December 1, 1873, and the time of the enactment of the Revised Statutes is apparent from the other sections. We have examined the many adjudications of the supreme court in which the effect of section 5595 has been considered and treated as a legislative declaration of the statute law existing on the 1st day of December, 1873, but none of them touch the present question. They are all cases in which its declaratory force was involved in respect to occurrences which took place subsequent to June 22, 1874. vVe are of the opinion that the importations should have been classified for duty, under the provision of the act of 1870, as manufactures of mohair not specially enumerated or provided for in that act. It is a familiar rule in the construction of tariff· acts that terms of general description must give way to those of particular description, and that a speeific provision for duty on a particular article is not superseded by a provision of a subsequent statute imposing a different duty upon the class of articles of which it is one of the members. The statutes enacted at different times are parts of one composite general system, and terms of general description in a later statute have no different effect in displacing terms of particular description in an earlier statute than they have when both are used in the same act. Anyalteration is to be regarded in connection with the system, and no disturbance of existing legislation is to be allowed beyond the clear intention ·of congress. Saxonville Mills v. Russell. un U. S. 13, 6 Sup. Ot. 237. Applying these rules to the present case, if in the earlier act,
654
93
REPORTEij.., :
,
or in thE:llat¢r, a.r;uJ, earlier acts, there were t:w(), provisions,one tqj q.u,ty braids and, buttons, made of mo:;tnothef subjecting to: duty "all of hair," providedfo.ri".........the articles or "allmanufactures,Of pair in controversy w9pldbe properly classified, for dutY,upder the former Of more specific prQvision. If in tbe later act congress had imposed a provided for." inasduty upon "all mapufacturesof :jlair not as the importations were l!\ubjected. to duty by the previous act as f'bi,ndings"braids and buttons,." they would otherwise,proyidedfor . ,But in act of 1870 the intention of congress is distinctly to reduce tbe ,duties imposed.by pre-existing 'except Provided for in that acts upon all manufactures act otherwise herein for." The word "herein" ismol;lt significant. excludes any to earlier ,acts to ascertain ,the duty upon tl:\at class. of articles.' .Tb.e provision includes every aoiir.le the ,general description not in that act ,itself otherwise provided for. This, Jl,ct Wl;lS considered Ex'rs v. Butterfield, 125 U. 8.70,8, Sup. Ct. 714, and the court, after observing that the words, "all other .manufllctures ofhajr, not otherwise herein providedfor," meant no't otherwise provided for in the act of which they were apart, said: "Tbere'is no provision 1n thl!.tact forotljer manufactures of hair than crinofollows that, if the goat-hair line and hair seating. It. therefore question are to be deemed manufactures of hair, the duties are to be assessed tn conformity with the act, and not according to the' provisions of anyotber Rct."
A$iin1lar question aroseln,Arfhur's Ex'risv. Vietor, 127 U. 8. 572, 8 Sup.. Of. 1225. In that case, stockillgs imported by the plaintiffs, inpartof wool, were classified by the collector under a provision of the tariff act of March 2, 1867, subjecting to duty "woolen woolen shawls, and ap manufactures of wool of any description, made. wholly or in part of wool, not herein otherwise provided for." The. plaintiff insisted that the goods were dutiable under a provision of an earlier act imposing duty up.on"caps, gloves, leggings, mitts, socks, stockings, woven shirts and drawers, ,and all similar articles ,made on frames, of whatever material cQmposed, worn by not otherwise provided for." The men, WQmen and children, court reiterated the propositi,on decided in Arthur's Ex'rs v. Butterfield,. that the words, "not otherwise herein provided f9r," in an act prescribing customs duties, mean. not qtherwise provided for in the act of which they are a part,and decided that the duties were properly imposed under the later act. These conclusions lead to a reversal of the judgment.
FALCONER V. MILLER.
655
FALCONER et al. v. MILLER et at. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. April 4, 1899.) No. 149. CUSTOMS DUTIES-HAIROLOTH GOODS.
Women's and children's dress goods manufactured of hair Imported between April 30, 1874, and June 24, 1874, were dutiable under Tariff Act, July 14, 1870, § 21, as amended January 30, 1871, prescribing the duty on "hair-cloth known as crinoline cloth, and all other manufactures of hair not otherwise herein provided for."
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. W. B. Coughtry, for plaintiffs in error. Henry C. Platt, for defendants in error. Before WALLACE and SHIPMAN, Circuit Judges. WALLACE, Circuit Judge. This case presents but a single question. The plaintiffs imported into the port of New York, at various times between April 30, 1874, and June 24, 1874, women's and children's dress goods manufactured of hair, and the importations were subjected to duty under the provisions of the tariff act of March 2, 1867, imposing duty upon "women's and children's dress-goods' * * * composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat and other like animals." The question is whether they were dutiable under this provision, or under a provision of the tariff act of July 14, 1870 (as amended January 30, 1871), prescribing the duty on "hair-cloth known as crinoline cloth, and all other manufactures of hair not otherwise herein provided for." Our decision in Dieckerhoff v. Miller, 93 Fed. 651, determines tbis case in principle. In that case, as in this, there was a provision in the earlier tariff act more specifically descriptive of the importations than the provision in the later act, but we held that they should have been classified under the provision of the later act, because congress intended by that act to prescribe the duty upon the entire class of articles of which they were a variety, exclusive of any exceptions n(lt mentioned in the act itself. In this case they are "dress goods" specially enumerated in the earlier act; in the other case they were "bindings, braids and buttons," specially enumerated in the earlier was act. As they were also manufactures of hair,· and the later intended to el!!tablish the duty on all articles of that description, except such as were otherwise provided for by its own terms, they were dutiable under the provisions of the later act. Some Observations in the opinion in Arthur's Ex'rs v. Butterfield, 125 U. 8. 70, 8 Sup. Ct. 714, are relied upon by the defendants in error as inferentiallysuggesting that the court would not have decided that case as it did if the facts had been like those in this case; but these· observations were not addressed to the point, and a careful reading of the opinion satisfies us that the rule of that case extends to the facts of the present case. As the court below directed a verdict for the defendants upon the theory that the goods were properly classified, the judgment must be reversed.